What Is The Origin Of Crude Oil – To date, abiotic sources of methane have been identified in more than 20 countries and in many deep-sea regions. Image credit: Deep Carbon Observatory
Scientific understanding of deep hydrocarbons has shifted, experts say, with new insights into the energy sources that may have fueled the first life on Earth.
What Is The Origin Of Crude Oil
For the past 100 years, scientists have struggled to figure out how to extract biologically derived hydrocarbons — fossil fuels from Earth’s crustal reservoirs — from long-ago buried plants, animals and algae, and convert them into fuels for homes, vehicles and industry. Heat and electricity used.
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But for some hydrocarbons, especially methane, the main colorless and odorless component of natural gas, nature has many recipes, some of which are “abiotic”, derived from the decay of prehistoric life, but through geological and chemical processes deep in the earth Inorganic. . .
Abiotic hydrocarbons have been a major focus of the Deep Energy Community’s Deep Carbon Observatory program, a 10-year study of the secrets of the deep Earth that concluded in October.
DCO experts believe methane’s abiotic origin explains most of the gas’s anomalies, including the Chimaera fire in southwestern Turkey.
Chimera is not found in typical oil and gas deposits, which originate from early decomposed organic debris. However, dozens of small fires have been burning on the summit of the mountain for thousands of years.
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Ancient interpretations of the flames included the breath of wild beasts – half lion, half goat, half snake. A less diverse scientific cause: highly flammable abiotic methane and hydrogen rising from the depths to Earth’s surface.
Chimaera is one of the best known and best known of the hundreds of sources of abiotic methane discovered to date in more than 20 countries and in many deep ocean regions.
DCO contributor Giuseppe Etube of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia in Rome has documented the Chimaera site and several other environments where anomalous methane has been found, including:
Although different rock types occur in all of these settings, he notes that many of the discoveries are concentrated in areas with specific, corresponding “ultramafic” rock types, such as peridotite embedded in the mass ( coarse-grained igneous rocks) and ophiolites (groups of rocks)). Formed by subsea eruption of oceanic crust and upper mantle material).
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Abiotic methane on Earth is now thought to be chemically derived from hydrogen produced by hydration of ultrabasic rocks that undergo “veining,” a reaction that occurs when water encounters the mineral olivine.
Hydrogen also provides a biological source of methane. DCO researchers have documented a vast microbial ecosystem — a deep biosphere powered by hydrogen. Many deep-sea microbes called methanogens metabolize hydrogen to form methane.
So the deep biosphere creates a chicken-and-egg scenario: abiotic methane or microbes? If, as it seems obvious, abiotic methane came first, did it give rise to the first microbes on Earth? If microbes are there in the first place, how and why do they colonize places with little to no food?
Flames have burned in the Chimera for millennia, adorning the hillsides and inspiring the legend of the fire-breathing beast. The methane and hydrogen produced by these ophiolite-bearing seeps are produced by abiotic reactions. Credit: Jerry Leskinen
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When the Deep Carbon Observatory project was launched in 2009, DCO’s Deep Energy Community (which now includes more than 230 researchers from 35 countries) set a single goal of elucidating the sources of methane on Earth.
Some have hypothesized that the unusual methane deposits could not be of biological origin and must be the result of chemical reactions taking place in the surrounding rocks.
Others believe that microbes contribute to methane formation in some reservoirs by metabolizing hydrogen to produce methane in an entirely different process.
Others hypothesize that methane may originate deep in the Earth’s upper mantle and then diffuse to the surface. (At Gubkin University in Moscow, researcher Vladimir Kucherov is leading experiments to test methane production under laboratory-simulated high-pressure conditions in Earth’s upper mantle.)
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Early in his tenure, the DCO decided to invest in new analytical tools to overcome some of the limitations of deciphering the source of methane.
Through strategic investments in instrumentation and a large number of field samples, DCO partners set out to develop new survey tools to distinguish terrestrial biomethane from abiotic methane.
Three new tools with the potential to change the face of deep carbon science came online in 2014, and they haven’t disappointed, says Edward Young, co-chair of UCLA’s Deep Energy Consortium. DCO with Isabelle Daniel, Bernard Lyon 1, Claude University, Lyon, France.
Scientists from UCLA, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, and MIT, Cambridge, MA, are analyzing natural methane samples using complementary mass spectrometry and absorption spectroscopy to better understand abiotic How methane is used. can be produced.
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“The methane (CH4) molecule appears to be very simple, consisting of only five atoms,” said Dr. Positive. “Rarely, hydrogen and carbon isotopes are sometimes incorporated into methane molecules, but the frequency of these ‘heavy’ isotopes reveals the mystery of their formation and temperature.”
Methane molecules containing more than one “heavy” isotope (“cluster isotope”) are of particular diagnostic value. These particles are extremely rare and can only be characterized with instruments of extreme resolution, sensitivity and power.
The DCO collaborators used gas samples collected from Chimaera, a deep mine in Canada, Oman ophiolites, seafloor hydrothermal vents and other sites, and were surprised by what they found.
“We saw strange biosignatures in samples that appeared to be abiotic,” said Dr. Daniel. “The microbes seem to know how to use these non-living compounds as fuel.”
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Here, peridotite, a coarse-grained igneous rock, reacts with water to form hydrogen gas in a process called serpentine, setting the stage for the formation of abiotic methane while fueling the microbes that live in its tiny cracks and crevices . By Bernard Marty, Deep Carbon Observatory
“We have growing evidence of abiotic methane on Earth. The amount of methane is unknown. These studies reveal an enormously complex way of producing methane that combines organic chemistry and organic chemistry on Earth in fascinating ways.” Inorganic chemistry link.”
Dr Yang added: “We went into this project thinking we knew how abiotic methane is formed. We’re learning that it’s much more complex, and the biggest key is hydrogen. A better understanding of how rocks produce hydrogen for methane formation. has been obtained, and as soon as the reaction occurs, we will be close.” Knowing how much methane there is on Earth is very important.
Jesse Ausubel of The Rockefeller University in New York points out that the common definition of “fossil fuel” does not include abiotic methane.
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“Testing thousands of samples from many sites using ultrasensitive instruments provides a global picture of deep energy abundance and flows. Many very deep hydrocarbons are not traditional fossil fuels as commonly defined.”
The behavior of biomethane and abiotic methane cannot be distinguished in terms of energy production and emissions during combustion.
These studies of abiotic methane formation on Earth are not the end of the story, but the beginning.
The past 10 years have revolutionized our understanding of the origin of Earth’s methane and its critical role in sustaining the deep biosphere, providing insights into geological processes that may have paved the way for life.
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The project’s research success has changed not only how people think about energy production deep underground, but also how life finds a foothold on our planet.
If abiotic energies occur here on Earth, how likely are similar reactions and life to occur elsewhere in the universe?
The Deep Energy research released today is the culmination of the Deep Carbon Observatory project, which will release its final report in October 2019, and a decade of work by more than 1,000 scientists around the world to understand the abundance, movement, shape and origin of carbon . carbohydrate. Carbon in the Earth’s interior.
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