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Dark matter is a component of the universe whose presence can be detected based on its gravitational pull rather than its brightness.
What Is Black Matter And Black Energy
Dark matter makes up 30.1% of the matter-energy composition of the universe. The rest consists of dark energy (69.4%) and “ordinary” visible matter (0.5%).
What Is The Difference Between Dark Matter And Dark Energy?
The existence of dark matter was first inferred by the Swiss-American astronomer Fritz Zwicky, who discovered in 1933 that the mass of all the stars in the Coma galaxy cluster was only about 1% of the mass needed to prevent galaxies from collapsing. to escape gravity. pulling the pile.
Two types of dark matter have been discovered. The first type represents about 4.5% of the universe and consists of the known baryons (ie protons, neutrons and atomic nuclei), which also make up bright stars and galaxies. The dark matter that makes up the remaining 26.1% exists in an unknown, non-baryonic, relatively “cold” or “non-relativistic” form.
Dark matter, a component of the universe whose presence is distinguished by its gravitational pull rather than its luminosity. Dark matter makes up 30.1% of the matter-energy composition of the universe; the rest is dark energy (69.4%) and “ordinary” visible matter (0.5%).
Dark Matter Could Have Formed Supermassive Black Holes, Study
Originally known as the “missing mass,” the existence of dark matter was first inferred by the Swiss-American astronomer Fritz Zwicky, who discovered in 1933 that the mass of all the stars in the Coma galaxy cluster was only about 1 % of mass. are needed to prevent galaxies from escaping the gravitational pull of the cluster. The reality of this missing mass remained uncertain for decades, until the 1970s when American astronomers Vera Rubin and W. Kent Ford confirmed its existence by observing a similar phenomenon: the mass of visible stars in a typical galaxy is only about 10 percent of what is needed to keep these stars orbiting the galactic center. In general, the speed at which stars rotate around the center of their galaxy is independent of their distance from the center; this is because the orbital speed is constant or increases slightly with distance instead of decreasing as expected. To explain this, the mass of the galaxy in the orbit of the stars must increase linearly with the distance of the stars from the center of the galaxy. However, no light is visible from this inner mass, hence the name “dark matter”.
Since the confirmation of the existence of dark matter, a predominance of dark matter in galaxies and galaxy clusters has been evident thanks to the phenomenon of gravitational lensing – matter acts as a lens by distorting space and distorting the passage of background light. The presence of this missing matter at the center of galaxies and galaxy clusters has also been inferred from the movement and heating of the gas that gives rise to the observed X-rays. For example, the Chandra X-ray Observatory observed in the Bullet cluster, which consists of two clusters of galaxies joined together, that hot gas (normally visible material) is slowed by the drag of one cluster passing the other. However, the mass of the clusters is intact, indicating that most of the mass is dark matter.
Matter represents 30.6% of the matter-energy composition of the universe. Only 0.5% is found in the mass of stars and 0.03% of this matter is in the form of elements heavier than hydrogen. The rest is dark matter. Two types of dark matter have been discovered. The first type represents about 4.5% of the universe and consists of the known baryons (ie protons, neutrons and atomic nuclei), which also make up bright stars and galaxies. Most of this baryonic dark matter is expected to exist as gas within and between galaxies. This baryonic, or ordinary, component of dark matter was determined by measuring the amount of elements heavier than hydrogen created in the first minutes after the big bang 13.8 billion years ago. .
This Atom Laser That Can Stay On Forever May Help Search For Dark Matter And Dark Energy In Space
Dark matter, which makes up the remaining 26.1% of matter in the universe, exists in an unknown, non-baryonic form. The rate at which galaxies and large galactic structures coalesce from density fluctuations in the early universe indicates that non-baryonic dark matter is relatively “cold” or “non-relativistic”, meaning that skeletal galaxies and galaxy clusters are made of heavy materials. . , slow particles. The absence of light from these particles also indicates that they are electromagnetically neutral. These properties give the particles their common name, weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). The exact nature of these particles is currently unknown and they are not predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics. However, a number of possible additions to the standard model, such as supersymmetric theories, predict hypothetical elementary particles such as axions or neutralinos that could be undetected WIMPs.
Tremendous efforts are underway to detect and measure the properties of these invisible WIMPs, either by observing their impact in a laboratory detector or by observing their annihilation after their collision. It is also expected that their presence and mass can be inferred from experiments with new particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider.
As an alternative to dark matter, modifications of gravity have been proposed to explain the apparent presence of “missing matter”. These changes suggest that the gravitational force exerted by ordinary matter can be enhanced under conditions that occur only on a galactic scale. However, most proposals are theoretically unsatisfactory because they provide little or no explanation for gravitational modification. These theories also cannot explain observations of dark matter that is physically separated from ordinary matter in the Bullet cluster. This separation shows that dark matter is a physical reality and is different from ordinary matter. Thanks to the SDSS approach, the project has had a major impact on studies of dark matter in the universe, dark energy in the universe, the structural hierarchy of the universe, supermassive black holes, and the nature and distribution of stars and galaxies. In the last three areas, we expected to make progress, but we did not foresee the magnitude of the impact of these studies on astronomy. In the other cases, of dark matter and dark energy, the impact was very significant and unforeseen.
Black Holes Could Be Dark Matter
3D map of universe strengthens case for dark energy and dark matter: SDSS is two separate surveys in one: galaxies are identified in 2D images (right), then their distances are determined from their spectra to create a 3D map of 2 billion light-years deep (left) where each galaxy is represented by a single dot, with a color representing luminosity – this shows only the 66,976 or 205,443 galaxies in the map that are close to Earth’s equatorial plane.
The result I am particularly proud of is that the SDSS discovered the most distant supermassive black holes in the universe. This was certainly an original intention, but it led to two discoveries that we did not intend. Because these objects are so far away, they allow us to probe an era of the universe where the cold gas left over from the Big Bang turned into the hot gas we see between galaxies today. This is now known as the transition between the cosmological dark ages (time before stars) and the time when stars and quasars reionized cold matter. We were able to determine this event because as we looked farther and farther away, we could see more and more of the neutral hydrogen that makes up the cold gas.
The Cosmic Yardstick: A Map of Galaxies in Part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Earth’s position is at bottom, represented by an image from the SDSS telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico. Each dot marks the position of a galaxy, as in the example on the left. In the first million years after the Big Bang, sound waves are carried through the cosmic gas (bottom right). SDSS researchers used galaxy mapping to detect the remnants of these waves. The bullseye shows the current scale of the sound wave; however, the traces are too subtle to be seen with the naked eye.
New Study Proposes Dense Dark Matter
Another result that came early and was surprising was the discovery that we could see distortions in the shape of distant galaxies caused by the gravitational lensing of foreground galaxies. This discovery led to an explosion of studies involving the detailed distribution of dark matter in the universe, which is followed by many modern investigations.
This material is based on work supported by NASA under grant numbers NNX09AD33G and NNX10AE80G issued under the 2009 SMD ROSES program.
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New Light On Dark Matter
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