How Kinetic Energy Is Turned Into Electricity – Electrical energy is a form of energy produced by electric charges. When charge moves, it is kinetic energy. Moving charge is called electricity or current. When charge is conserved, it is potential electrical energy. Charge comes from electrons, ions, or sometimes other charged particles such as protons. Electrical energy is the ability to apply force to move an object or do work. You radiate electrical energy in the world around you every day.
Every time you plug in a device or use a battery, you will see a sample of electrical power. Electrical energy is also the result of conversion from one form of energy to another. For example, solar cells convert sunlight into electrical energy and wind turbines convert kinetic energy into electrical energy. Electrical energy is sometimes in the form of static electricity, such as lightning or an electric shock you can get when you touch a metal object. Another form of electrical energy is electrochemical energy, which occurs in batteries; ion gradient in cells, muscles and nerves; and electric shock.
How Kinetic Energy Is Turned Into Electricity
Electrical energy comes from electrical kinetic energy or electrical potential energy. But once the charge starts moving, it ceases to be “potential energy” and becomes “kinetic energy”. Therefore, the definition of electrical energy often does not include reference to potential energy. However, all charges have potential energy because they are attracted to charges of opposite sign or repelled by charges of the same sign. Inexpensive electrodynamic polymers allow the use of kinetic energy from large-scale sources, such as waves, and small-scale sources, such as human activity.
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Extracting kinetic energy from sources such as wind, waves and human activity is a challenging task. Producing electrical energy from kinetic energy sources requires a physical structure to capture the energy and an electromechanical converter to convert it into electricity. Large-scale applications, such as those based on wave energy, require energy conversion devices that are inexpensive and efficient. Smaller-scale applications, such as those that use human activity to power wearable devices, need to be lightweight and integrate easily and conveniently with clothing or personal accessories. Accordingly, the answer lies in improving kinetic energy conversion in new materials. Materials science has played an important role in improving the cost-effectiveness of harnessing energy from alternative sources, such as low-cost photovoltaic materials for solar supercapacitors or new supercapacitors, and innovative low-cost composite turbine blades for wind.
Among the new materials available for kinetic energy conversion, electromotive polymers, which generate electric currents by changing shape or size as they stretch and stretch, show higher efficiency in energy density and effective than conventional transducer materials and have lower efficiency. Cost of production. This is in contrast to alternative methods of using kinetic energy, such as electromagnetic generators, which require a relatively complex mechanical drive to operate at the speeds required for efficient energy production due to low energy density. Other materials, such as piezoelectric ceramics, which generate electricity due to mechanical pressure, have other limitations. Not only do they often contain undesirable lead compounds. They are also quite rigid and require a heavy and stiff connection structure to connect them to the mains.
Figure 1. Heel generator based on dielectric elastomer. The photo of the device is installed in the trunk (top left) and in the section (top right and bottom). The liquid or gel binding medium causes the polymer to expand when the heel is compressed, generating electricity.
The huge potential of electrically active polymers was highlighted at the recent Intelligent Structures/NDE 2011 conference.1 The best known polymers in the literature are dielectric elastomers2 which are universal. These are thin sheets of elastomeric insulation covered with elastic electrodes. They generate energy by mechanically splitting charges — and thus increasing electrical energy — as the state of the elastomer stretches and the thickness of the sheet increases. Here we report our work and that of our colleagues at SRI International on the use of dielectric elastomers in kinetic energy harvesting4 applications at various scales, including large-scale shoe generators, small-scale and large-scale wave energy collectors.
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Figure 2. Buoy-based dielectric elastomeric wave power generator coupled to a multihull system at the marine test site (top) with coils connected in the generator module (bottom). As the waves pass, the props move relative to the float and extend the reels with a lever. The black material between the rings with a green border is dielectric elastomer with an electrode coating (see bottom photo). (Photo courtesy of SRI International.)
The demand for mobile devices among the general public, the military and emergency services has increased with the need to extend battery life and simplify chargers. Using the properties of dielectric elastomers, researchers at SRI have developed so-called heel generators that can be fitted into shoes or boots. The device uses heel compression during walking to capture energy from a person’s movement without putting any additional physical stress on the person. The means by which this device produces electricity is a transducer made up of 20 layers of dielectric elastomer films. The generator works by using fluid (or gel) coupling to convert the compressive force of the heel into the tensile force of the elastic membrane, which generates electricity (see Figure 1). This device can generate 0.8 joules (J) of power per degree, which is equivalent to 1 watt of power. Designed primarily for battery charging, this shoe transmitter can also power night vision goggles. It reaches a maximum energy density of about 0.3 J/h. This power level is much higher than that of other more complex, more expensive and heavier generators based on the direct distortion of piezoelectric elements5, as well as directly driven electromagnetic devices such as voice coils or a linear induction generator . This device offers an additional advantage in the form of energy efficiency. An 80 kg person with a maximum heel deflection of 3 mm will release an estimated total energy availability of 2.4 J. Therefore, our device produces 0.8 J per step. This represents a total efficiency of 33%: a good value for such a simple that’s a device.
Additional examples of larger-scale applications of dielectric elastomers include devices that capture ocean wave energy. They have the ability to produce clean, renewable energy in an environmentally safe manner. They also offer greater reliability than solar or wind generators and have less visual and auditory impact than wind turbines. In addition, they may be available near many residential and industrial centers. Despite these advantages, technical, economic and logistical factors have hindered the widespread adoption of wave energy extraction. For example, traditional systems have proven to be expensive due to the need to redesign their structures in response to storms.
To address these shortcomings, we conducted research in collaboration with HYPER DRIVE Corporation (Japan) to develop harvesting systems that can efficiently convert hydrodynamic energy into electrical energy through simple and low-cost solutions. This work included two sea trials, in which the entire energy extraction system was used at sea. The first such system is based on a suspended solid whose elastic muscle material stretches as the buoy floats on the waves. The system is a proof-of-principle of how a buoy, such as a navigational buoy, can use ocean waves to power lighting or on-board equipment and communications. However, this is not practical for large-scale power generation to feed the grid due to the large amount of proof required.
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Instead, we have developed a proof-of-principle system that uses hydrodynamic energy directly to mechanically stretch and compress dielectric elastomers (see Figure 2). For logistical convenience, we used the same oceanographic buoy as the mass-validation system, which would ultimately not be suitable for the optimized system. It was tested at sea in the Pacific Ocean off Santa Cruz, California. In laboratory tests, the device produced more than 25 J. Specifically, it used about 220 g of dielectric elastomer material that works with an energy density of more than 0.1 J/g. Half of that energy density was measured at sea, for about 11 J. The energy extraction scheme used in the sea trials was 78% efficient. These performance levels indicate that dielectric elastomers can be really practical for large-scale power generation.
We have demonstrated that dielectric elastomers can effectively capture kinetic energy in both small- and large-scale applications. In the future, we hope to use our expertise to further develop these and other dynamic mining applications by solving engineering challenges related to the device, design and system life.
Roy Kornblu is a principal research engineer at SRI International. His research interests include the development of new materials, systems and devices for energy extraction, robotics and other applications, including aerospace and biomedical devices.
3. R. Pelrin, R. Kornblu, J. Eckerle, P. Juke, S. Oh, K. Pei, S. Stanford, Dielectric Elastomers: Fundamentals and Applications of Generator Mode,
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4. R. Kornbluh, R. Pelrine, H. Prahlad, A. Wong-Foy, B. McCoy, S. Kim, J. Eckerle, T. Low, From boots to purchases: Rights and challenges of benefit from the amount of dielectric energy of an elastomer, Proc.
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